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CLASS: SS 3
TOPIC: Animal Health Management
CONTENT:
- Meaning and Causal Organisms
- Predisposing Factors to Diseases
- Selected Diseases of Farm Animals
SUB TOPIC 1: Meaning and Causal Organisms
Animal Health management deals with monitoring the health status of the animals on the farm. It is apparent that a healthy animal will be productive while unhealthy animal apart from not been productive becomes a liability as money would be spent for their treatment. Besides, there is a high risk of transferring the infections to other animals.
A Disease condition is a deviation from normal functioning state of the animal’s body which comprises of different components working in unity.
In a nutshell, disease is any condition in which there is departure from the normal functioning of the system of the animal’s body.
CAUSAL ORGANISMS
The causal organisms of animal diseases are classified as follows:
- Pathogenic organisms/ factors- these are
- Bacteria
- Virus
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Nematodes
- Parasites
- Non pathogenic factors-These are factors like
- Nutritional deficiency
- Inanimate objects like chemicals, environmental conditions (extreme cold or heat)
BACTERIA: They cause diseases by secretion of toxins. Diseases are infectious and contagious. They are transmitted by air, water and animals inform of spores. Examples of bacteria diseases are Contagious abortion, Anthrax, Mastitis, T.B, Fowl pox, Cow pox etc
VIRUS: This organism multiplies only inside the living cells of a specific host. Viruses are transmitted from animal to animal by vectors or by discharge from the body of animals, by insect bites and by human beings. Examples of viral diseases are Foot and mouth disease, Rinder pest, Newcastle, Gumboro, Rabies, Fowl pox, Pneumonia, Kata, Blue tongue, Dermatitis etc
FUNGI: These are non-green plants that can survive without light. Their growth and multiplication are favoured by dam, moist and dark conditions. They spread through body contact and through spore formation. Examples of fungal diseases include Aspergillosis, Ring worm, Foot rot, Scabby etc
PROTOZOA: They are microscopic single-cell animals that cause a lot of damage to livestock by rupturing certain parts of the body when they multiply. They are transmitted by insects, vectors, and other animals like rats and through contamination of food and water through the vectors. Examples of protozoan diseases are Coccidiosis, Trypanosomiasis/surra, Entamoeba, Dysentery, Red water fever, etc
NEMATODES: They are parasitic worms that cause diseases through the consumption of flesh in which the larva of the parasite is encysted. Example of nematode disease is Trichinosis
METAZOA DISEASES: Diseases caused by parasites are known as metazoan diseases. Those parasites which live externally on their host are called ectoparasites. Examples are lice, ticks and mites. Those which live internally in their hosts are called endoparasites are liver flukes, roundworms and tapeworms, Liver flukes, roundworms and tapeworms affect all animals
These are parasitic diseases such as Babesiosis, Taeniasis, Fasciolosis, Ascariasis etc
NUTRITIONAL DISEASES: These are Sterility, Paraketosis, Ricket, Anorexia, Acidiosis, etc
EVALUATION
- Define the term disease and state three non-pathogenic factors of animal diseases.
- Enumerate the pathogenic causal organisms with three affected animals each
SUB TOPIC 2: PREDISPOSING FACTORS TO DISEASES
These are factors that can predispose animals to diseases. These factors are stated and explained
- POOR FEEDING/ NUTRITION: When animals are not fed with adequate quantity and quality feed, it affects animals’ ability to withstand disease attack
- POOR SANITARY CONDITION: This includes improper disposal of animals’ waste and bush environment. These could expose animals to infections
- POOR HOUSING: Housing that is not fitted with all necessary facilities, overcrowding, and poor ventilation can lead to disease condition
- HEALTH STATUS: Diseased or infected animals can contaminate the healthy ones
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