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WEEK 8
Speech Work: Stress: (Words with five syllables, stressed on the first, second, third, and fourth Syllable); Vocabulary Development: Words associated with Building and Building Construction; Reading Comprehension: Reading to Summarize Longer Selections an Argument: ‘A Carefree Lorry Driver’ (NOSEC, pages 49 – 50); Structure: Nominalization of Adjectives; Writing Skills: Letter Writing – Formal Letters (Complaint); Summary: (Use any WAEC/NECO summary question).
ASPECT: SPEECH WORK
TOPIC: Stress: (Words with five syllables stressed on the first, second, third, and fourth Syllable)
Stress can be defined as the relative degree of force or emphasis given to a particular syllable or word to make it stand out (i.e., be easily noticed) from other syllables or words in an utterance. If syllables have stress, they are said to be stressed syllables (or accented syllables). If syllables do not have stress, they are considered to be unstressed syllables (or unaccented syllables). In this course, we will study two types of stress: word stress and sentence stress.
Word stress (also called accent) is the relative degree of force or emphasis that words or parts of words have when they are considered (or spoken) individually or in isolation (as in a dictionary). In our transcriptions, we will mark only two levels of word stress: primary stress [“] and secondary stress [,]. The syllable that is pronounced loudest or with the greatest emphasis in a word receives the primary stress. Likewise, the syllable that is pronounced with a little less emphasis than the one which has the primary stress receives the secondary stress.
Placement of stress in two-syllable words
In order to determine on which syllable we should place the primary stress (and secondary stress if there is one), we need to know several things: (a) the grammatical category of the word (i.e., whether the word is a noun, an adjective, a verb, an adverb, a preposition, and so on); (b) the syllable structure of the word (i.e., whether its syllables end with one or more consonants and whether the syllables contain long or short vowels); and (c) the morphological structure of the word (i.e., whether that word is a simple word or a complex word.
The following rules will help you stress dissyllabic words with some degree of accuracy.
- Stress simple nouns on the first syllable if their second syllable contains a short vowel.
- Stress simple nouns on the second syllable if the syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong.
- Stress compound nouns of the form noun + noun or adjective + noun as follows: Place the primary stress on the first syllable and the secondary stress on the second syllable. Exceptions: ice cream
- Stress compound nouns derived from phrasal verbs as follows: Place the primary stress on the lexical part of the verb and the secondary stress on the preposition.
- Stress simple verbs on the second syllable if it contains a long vowel or diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant. Exceptions: verbs that end in –ow /oU/, such as borrow, follow.
- Stress simple verbs on the first syllable if the second syllable contains a short vowel and ends with one (or no) consonant, or if it ends with a syllabic consonant. Exceptions: begin
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