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CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS, REFINING OF CRUDE OIL AND USES OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS
Another name for crude oil is petroleum. It is the chief source of hydrocarbons. Crude oil occurs as a dark, sticky, viscous liquid. It is believed that crude oil is formed by the gradual decomposition of the remains of marine plants and animals that became incorporated in the sediment and rocks formed at the bottom of the sea.
Crude oil is a mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons etc.
Natural gas; Natural gas is usually found together with crude oil; and water in traps or reservoirs in between some layers of rocks at the bottom of the sea. Natural gas consists mainly of methane. It is used as a domestic and industrial fuel.
In Nigeria crude oil is found in Oloibiri in 1956. In Niger Delta, Calabar and in Burutu in Delta state.
REFINING OF CRUDE OIL AND USES OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS
Crude oil must be refined to make useful fuels and chemicals. The crude petroleum taken from the oil fields to refineries is processed in three stages: separation, conversion and purification.
Fractional Distillation of oil
Petroleum products are the fractions obtained directly from the fractionating tower where the crude oil has been refined by fractional distillation. The separation of petroleum fractions is based on the differences in their boiling points. The amin products or fractions are shown in the table below:
| Fraction | No. of Carbon atoms | Boiling points | Uses | |
| 1. | Petroleum gas | C1– C4 | Below 40Oc | Fuel and manufacture of other organic compounds |
| 2. | Petrol or gasoline | C5-C10 | 40 – 200OC | Used as fuel in motor cars and generators |
| 3. | Kerosene or Paraffin oil | C11– C15 | 200 -250OC | Used as aviation fuels in aircraft and also as fuel for lantern |
| 4. | Diesel or light gas oil | C16 – C20 | 250 -350OC | Used as fuels in engines or buses, trains, boats, tractors etc. |
| 5. | Lubricating oil | C20 –C30 | 350 – 500OC | Used in candle making, creams, hair care products. |
| 6. | Bitumen or Asphalt | >C30 | Above 500oC | For road surfacing |
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