SS2 Chemistry Lesson Note on Structure and Valency of Carbon

The website has the complete lesson note for all the subjects in secondary school but this piece showcases the SS2 Chemistry Lesson Note on Structure and Valency of Carbon. You can use the website search button to filter out the subject of interest to you.

CLICK HERE to download the complete Document: DOWNLOAD HERE

HYDROCARBON

1. STRUCTURE AND VALENCY OF CARBON, HYDROCARBON – MEANING AND EXAMPLES,
2. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES- CHARACTERISTICS, AND FUNCTIONAL GROUP
3. SATURATED HYDROCARBON-ALKANES

PERIOD 1:  STRUCTURE AND VALENCY OF CARBON

Carbon atom belongs to group IV of the periodic table of element.  The excited state electronic configuration of carbon is 1s² 2s² 2p_x¹ 2p¹_y 2p_z¹. A carbon has four electrons in its outer shell and uses by sharing electrons to form covalent bonds. Carbon atoms can combine with one another to form chains and rings of different sizes. Carbon atom can catenate that is they can form single double or triple covalent bonds with themselves.

HYDROCARBONS MEANING AND EXAMPLES

Hydrocarbons are compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Hydrocarbons are classified into two classed (1) Aliphatic compounds and (2) aromatic compounds.

Aliphatic compounds are either acyclic or cyclic.

Acyclic compounds are straight chain or branched chain hydrocarbons. They the alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. E.g

In cyclic compounds the carbon atom form a ring e.g

 

EVALUATION

1. Explain the term ‘catenation’
2. What is aliphatic hydrocarbon?

PERIOD 2 AND 3: HOMOLOGOUS SERIES AND FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Definition: A homologous series is a family of organic compounds which follows a regular structural pattern, in which each successive member differs in its molecular formula by a – CH₂ group.

CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMOLOGOUS SERIES AND NAMING-IUPAC

1. All members of a series share a general molecular formula.
2. Each successive member of a series differs in its molecular formula by the addition of a—– CH₂ group and in its relative molecular mass by an increase of 14.
3. The physical properties of the members in a series change gradually as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increase.

Click on the Downloadable Button to get the FULL NOTE