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COMPOUNDS OF OXYGEN
Binary Compounds of Oxygen- Classification of Oxides
Based on their acid-base properties, there are four classes of oxides of elements in Periods 2 and 3: acidic, basic, amphoteric and neutral.
Acid oxides: These are of non-metals which dissolve in water to form acidic solution. And react with base to form salt and water. Examples of acid oxides are P5O10, NO2, SO2, SiO2 etc. They are called acid anhydride. E.g.
CO2 +NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O
SO3 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + H2O
NOTE: SiO2 is insoluble in water
Basic oxides: They are metallic oxides that are basic in nature because they react with acids to form salt and water only. Examples are K2O, MgO, CaO, Li2O etc. Soluble basic oxides are called alkali. E.g.
Na2O(g) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)
Na2O(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Amphoteric oxides: These are oxides that behave both like acidic and basic oxides. They react with both acid and base E.g. ZnO, Al2O3, PbO etc
ZnO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4 + H2O(l)
ZnO + 2NaOH + H2O → Na2Zn(OH)4
Neutral oxides: They are neither acidic nor basic in character. E.g. water, CO, N2O
Peroxide oxides: These are higher oxides where O-O bond is present. They give hydrogen peroxide when reacted with a dilute acid. E.g. Barium peroxide BaO2, Calcium peroxide CaO2, Sodium peroxide Na2O2, Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 (most common).
USES OF OXYGEN
The Ozone Layer and Green House Effect
The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth’s stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It contains high concentrations of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth’s atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 20 to 30 kilometres (12 to 19 mi) above Earth, although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically. It has been ascertained through observation from satellites, that the ozone layer has been depleted more over the Antartic and there is now the creation of ‘ozone hole’. This depletion or reduction in the levels of ozone in the ozone layer has caused worldwide changes in climate and sea levels caused by an increases warming of the atmosphere due to release of gases, principally, carbon(IV) oxide, CO2, in what is termed ‘Greenhouse effect’. Greenhouse gases e.g. CO2, water vapour, chlorofluorocarbons are transparent to short wave radiation, but absorb radiation at certain long wavelengths. Thus, the gases form a blanket, trapping out-going heat, much as the glass or plastic does in a green house, thereby leading to rising sea levels and general atmospheric warming, as well as melting of ice and changes in vegetation. This has led to the problems of desertification and flooding.
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