SS1 Chemistry Lesson Note on Particulate Nature of Matter

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TOPICS: PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

CONTENTS:

1. Electronic configuration
2. Atomic number and mass number (nucleon number)
3. Relative atomic mass based on C-12 isotope
4. Isotopy of elements

PERIOD 1:    ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 

Electrons are found revolving around the nucleus of an atom in circular paths known as rings, orbits, energy levels or shells. Each shell contains electrons with similar energy. Those with the lowest energies being nearest to the nucleus.

Thus, the arrangement of electrons in the atom according to energy is called ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION. Letters and figures are associated with these orbits or shells as shown above. The maximum possible number of electrons that can be accommodated in a shell is given by the formula:

N_max= 2n². Where N_max = Maximum no of electron. n= no, of shell.

Thus K- shell can contain 2 × 1² = 2 electrons.

L- Shell can contain 2 × 2² = 8 electrons.

M- Shell can contain 2 × 3² = 18 electrons etc.

The electron structures of the atoms of the first twenty elements are given in the table below.

Element	Symbol	Number of protons (or atomic number)	Number of electrons and their distribution in the shells.                                  K           L          M         N
Hydrogen	H	1	1
Helium	He	2	2
Lithium	Li	3	2            1
Beryllium	Be	4	2            2
Boron	B	5	2            3
Carbon	C	6	2            4
Nitrogen	N	7	2            5
Oxygen	O	8	2            6
Fluorine	F	9	2            7
Neon	Ne	10	2            8
Sodium	Na	11	2            8              1
Magnesium	Mg	12	2            8              2
Aluminium	Al	13	2            8               3
Silicon	Si	14	2            8               4
Phosphorus	P	15	2            8               5
Sulphur	S	16	2            8               6
Chlorine	Cl	17	2            8               7
Argon	Ar	18	2            8               8
Potassium	K	19	2            8               8        1
Calcium	Ca	20	2            8               8        2

 

The electronic configurations of some elements are shown below:

Hydrogen, H (atomic number 1)

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