Lesson Note On The Meaning and Description of Pre-Planting Operation

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Sub–Topic 2:

1. Plotting or layout: A new farm is usually laid out into rectangular plots, using the 3,4,5 method A ranging pole and a measuring tape are the essential tools for plotting
2. Tillage operations: A small farm is usually cultivated by tilling; using a hoe to break and loosen the soil to the correct depth. This enables air and water to reach the roots. It enables the roots to push their way into the soil and absorbs water and mineral salts. Tillage operations are

1. Ploughing
2. Harrowing
3. Ridging
4. Ploughing:

This is the process of breaking up the soil into large clods.

It buries the weeds and loosens the soil, making it possible and easy for crop roots to penetrate and for air and water to reach the roots of crops.

This is the first and primary tillage operation.

1. Harrowing:

This involves breaking up (pulverizing) the soil into smaller clods after the initial ploughing, and in readiness for planting or ridging.

1. Ridging:

Ridges, heaps, or mounds serve the same purpose in crop production. Ridges are made at right angles to the slope, using hoe or a tractor driven mould-board disc  ridger

3. Seed selection: This is the process of determining the viability of the seeds. There are two methods of determining seeds viability
4. Principles of floatation
5. Germination test (calculation required)

Principles of floatation: