JSS2 Basic Science Lesson Note on Crude Oil and Petrochemicals

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TOPIC:  CRUDE OIL AND PETROCHEMICALS

CONTENT:

1. Meaning of Crude Oil.
2. Meaning of petrochemicals

SUB-TOPIC 1:      MEANING OF CRUDE OIL

Crude oil which is also referred to as petroleum is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (Hydrogen and Carbon) of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are formed from the remains of dead plants and animals beneath the Earth’s surface which occurs naturally in the ground and was formed millions of years ago. It is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This latter stage comes after the studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from petrol and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. It is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials.

The major source of hydrocarbon is crude oil or petroleum. Petroleum means rock oil in Latin.

Petroleum available on the land is called an onshore deposit, while those under deep water body especially the ocean is called off-shore deposit.

PETROCHEMICALS

Petrochemicals are chemicals made from the by-products of petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas. Petroleum and natural gas are made up of hydrocarbon molecules, which are comprised of one or more carbon atoms, to which hydrogen atoms are attached.

Petroleum and natural gas are increasingly used to produce many organic compounds. Examples of these organic compounds are ethanol, ethane, propanol, benzene, and toluene. These small molecule organic compounds are in turn used to make large molecular organic compounds like plastics, synthetic rubber, detergents, insecticides, and synthetic fibers like Dacron and nylon which has made an impact in manufacturing industries. Only about five percent of the oil and gas consumed each year is needed to make all the petrochemical products. People that do the exploration are geophysicists, petroleum engineers, and geologists.

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